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Bonelli's eagle Aquila fasciata Tomáš Bělka Localization Mediterranean periphery, arabic peninsula, middle, Southern and South-East Asia Threats Hunt and persecution Intoxication Collisions (power lines, aeolian and photovoltaic parks, road traffic) Nest sites troubling Habitat degradation Electrocution Poaching Agriculture Prays decreasing Petting/shows Trichomonosis Population Between 20 000 and 49 999 matures individuals, populations not split, decreasing I.U.C.N. status : Global : L.C. - Low Concern France : E .N. - Endangered C.I.T.E.S : Appendix II (03/03/1973) Rule n°338/97 of the European Council : Annex A (09/12/1996) Trade France : Journal Officiel de la République Française (JORF) du 17/09/1978 Last update JORF of the 22/03/1996 Mentionned as vulnerable species with strictly forbidden trade. Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. References : PNA_Aigle-de-Bonelli_2014-2023.pdf (biodiversite.gouv.fr) Aquila fasciata (Aigle de Bonelli) (iucnredlist.org) Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Direct sheets mammals Find, check and signal ! Apes (Hominidae) Armadillo Binturong Bats Capybara Dugong Fennec fox Galago (Bush baby) Kinkajou Lion Loris, pottos and angwantibos Manatee Monkeys Pygmy hippopotamus Pyrenean desman Saiga antelope Sugar glider Takin Tiger Wallabies and Kangaroos Wombat

Organisations and Institutions I. U. C.N. I.U.C.N. Red List C.I.T.E.S INTERPOL I.C.C.W.C. O.M.D. UNODC

OUR CAMPAIGNS Mykolaev zoo campaign 13/11/2022 - 15/12/2022 Coalition for pets in Kharkiv (part) 12/02/2023 - 23/04/2023 (credit : Résilience Internationale ) Sterilisation campaign for cats (part) 17/02/2023 - 06/03/2023 (credit : Woof Division Charitable Fondation ) Sudan Animal Rescue campaign 23/04/2023 - 02/11/2023 (credit : Sudan animal rescue ) Bats and CITES status campaign 28/06/2024 - 04/07/2024 Indi Raja operation 20/08/2024 - ... Moo Deng campaign 20 /09/2024 - 29/09/2024 Faa Sai - Phu Jan operation 06/10/2024 - 24/10/2024 Boycott for sturgeons 20/12/2024 - 06/01/2025 Gooty Sapphire Tarantula campaign 30 /05/2025 - 18/06/2025 OURANOS Project Date OURANOS Project Dates

Scientific articles ABConservation The relationship between the zoo community and ABConservation for an integrated conservation programme in Palawan, Philippines Read the article Sumatra Ecoproject Sunda Slow Loris Online Trade In Facebook, Tells Us Why It’s Unstoppable and Probably Damaging Local Genetic Read the article Team ZAN The Okinawa Dugong Read the article

Lion Panthera leo Localization Africa and India Threats Housing and urban areas Annual and perennial non-timber crops Livestock farming and ranching Hunting and trapping terrestrial animals Logging and wood harvesting War, civil unrest and military exercises Agricultural and forestry effluents Population : Stable (populations of India) Decreasing (General) U.I.C.N. : EN - Endangered (populations of India - Panthera leo persica ) VU - Vulnerable (General - Panthera leo ) C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix I : populations of India (26/11/2019) Appendix II : African populations EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023) : Only the populations of India Annex B (20/05/2023) : all the populations of Africa Trade Afghanistan : (17/05/2013) All exports are suspended. Angola : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Australia : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (19 /03 /2018 ) Australia implements stricter domestic measures that treat African lions (Panthera leo ), African elephants (Loxodonta africana ) and all whales and dolphins (Cetacea) as though they are listed on Appendix I to CITES. Under Australian legislation, imports and exports of Appendix I species can only occur if the specimen: was obtained prior to the first listing of the species on CITES – i.e. a ‘pre-Convention’ specimen (non-live specimens only); – is traded as part of a non-commercial exchange of scientific specimens between registered institutions (non-live specimens only) is traded for research purposes (live and non-live specimens) is traded for education purposes (live and non-live specimens) is traded for exhibition purposes (non-live specimens only) is traded as part of a Cooperative Conservation Program (for live specimens only). Australia does not permit personal imports or exports of species listed on Appendix I to CITES, including hunting trophies, unless they are demonstrated to be pre-Convention specimens and are accompanied by relevant pre-Convention certificates. Australia does not recognise personal and household effects exemptions for Appendix I specimens. Australia requires import permits for trade in species listed on Appendix II to CITES, except for items covered by personal and household effects exemptions. We would appreciate your assistance in alerting exporters sending goods to Australia, commercially and/or via post, that they are required to obtain an import permit from Australia. Benin : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (19/09/2014) : Negative (Wild) Botswana : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (03/09/2014) : No decision taken (wild) Burkina Faso : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (09/04/2015) : Negative (Wild) Cameroon : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (09/04/2015) : Negative (Wild) Central African Republic : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (13/09/2022) : Negative (Wild) Chad : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Côte d'Ivoire : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Democratic Republic of Congo : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Djibouti : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (30/01/2018) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Eswatini : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Ethiopia : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (02/01/2024) : Suspension (Wild) European Union : Official Journal of the European Union - COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/966 of 15 May 2023 (20/05/2023) Annex A (20/05/2023) : Only the populations of India Annex B (20/05/2023) : all the populations of Africa For African populations: a zero annual export quota is established for specimens of bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Annual export quotas for trade in bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth for commercial purposes, derived from captive breeding operations in South Africa, will be established and communicated annually to the CITES Secretariat. France : Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. Ghana : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Guinea : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (23/11/2023) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Guinea Bissau : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Kenya : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. India : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (26/03/2018) [Stricter domestic measures] The Government of India has banned the export for commercial purposes of all wild-taken specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III, except cultivated varieties of plant species included in Appendices I and II. Israel : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (13/08/2019) [Stricter domestic measures] The import of potentially invasive animals, wildlife for circus activities, poisonous animals or plants except under rare circumstances, and wild-sourced specimens of CITES-listed species for commercial purposes; and the export of native wildlife (exceptions may be made inter alia for scientific or educational purposes). Libya : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (10/01/2024) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Malawi : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Mali : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Mozambique : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (19/09/2023) : Negative - Wild, including hunting trophies, for all populations except from the Niassa reserve (including the Chipanje Chetu community conservation area). Namibia : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (07/06/2012) : Positive (Wild) Niger : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Nigeria : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Senegal : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Somalia : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (12/01/2024) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. South Africa : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (24/05/2023) : Positive (Wild) South Sudan : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (07/06/2012) : Scientific Review Group Referral (Wild) Sudan : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (07/06/2012) : Scientific Review Group Referral (Wild) Togo : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. Tanzania : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (07/11/2016) : Positive (Wild, including hunting trophies) Uganda : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. United States : H.R. 263, the “Big Cat Public Safety Act,” which amends the Lacy Act (20/12/2022) The act revises the Lacey Act to impose stricter regulations on the trade, possession, breeding, and exhibition of big cats (lion, tiger, leopard, cheetah, jaguar, cougar, or hybrids). Key Provisions: Prohibited Activities: Importing, exporting, buying, selling, transporting, acquiring, possessing, or breeding big cats are prohibited unless exempt. Breeding Defined: Includes intentional or negligent propagation or failing to prevent reproduction. Exemptions: Entities like universities and wildlife sanctuaries may be exempt. Facilities with Class C licenses under the Animal Welfare Act can exhibit big cats if direct contact with the public is prohibited (with exceptions for professionals or conservation-related activities). Grandfather Clause: Owners may keep big cats born before the law's enactment but must register them with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Penalties: Violators face fines up to $20,000, imprisonment for up to five years, or both. Each violation is treated as a separate offense. Forfeiture: Big cats bred or possessed in violation of the law are subject to forfeiture. Implementation: The Department of the Interior will issue regulations to enforce the act. This legislation aims to enhance the conservation of big cats, prioritize public safety, and reduce illegal trade. Rules through the United States : Alabama: Restrictions on exotic animals like giant snails, bobcats, and venomous reptiles unless permitted before 2021. No release of non-native animals without a license. Alaska: Broad restrictions on wildlife, including wolf hybrids and chimpanzees. Some pets, like ferrets, are legal without a permit. Arizona: Extensive restrictions require permits for many species like primates, foxes, and Gila monsters. Permits are issued for specific purposes like education. Arkansas: Large carnivores and primates are restricted unless permitted before set years. Some venomous reptiles are allowed with permits, and up to six captive-bred animals like raccoons can be owned without a permit. California: Prohibits most wild animals, including bears and primates, but allows hybrids like Savannah cats. Colorado: Most exotic animals like primates and raccoons are banned, but hedgehogs and sugar gliders are allowed without permits. Connecticut: Prohibits dangerous animals like bears and wolves. Limited ownership of primates allowed under specific conditions. Delaware: Requires permits for exotic animals; no comprehensive list of banned animals is provided. District of Columbia: Only common domestic pets like cats, dogs, and some birds are allowed. Exotic species are banned. Florida: Animals categorized into Classes I-III, with varying permit requirements. Non-dangerous animals like ferrets are exempt. Georgia: Strict permitting for wild animals like kangaroos and venomous snakes, while ferrets and sugar gliders are allowed under specific conditions. Hawaii: Most exotic animals, including hedgehogs and ferrets, are banned. A limited number of domesticated animals are permitted. Idaho: Prohibits animals harmful to agriculture, like wild boars and large cats. Llamas and guinea pigs are allowed without permits. Illinois: Restricts dangerous animals like large cats and wolves to organizations. Existing primates are allowed if registered. Indiana: Allows exotic animal ownership with permits for different classes, from squirrels to large predators. Iowa: Restricts dangerous wild animals unless permitted before 2007. Hybrids of domestic species are allowed. Kansas: Limits ownership of regulated animals like large cats, bears, and venomous snakes to approved facilities. Kentucky: Bans inherently dangerous animals like primates and bears. Some permits available for non-dangerous species. Louisiana: Requires permits for large snakes and prohibits endangered or dangerous species like bears and wolves. Maine: Broad restrictions on exotic pets like giraffes and kangaroos. Some exotic animals like coati are permitted. Maryland: Prohibits dangerous animals like primates and large cats unless registered before 2006. Massachusetts: Strict restrictions on endangered species and venomous reptiles. Ferrets allowed under specific conditions. Michigan: Restricts ownership of non-native species like large cats. Permits are available for captive-bred wildlife. Minnesota: Prohibits regulated animals like large cats unless registered before 2005. Mississippi: Requires liability insurance for permits to own inherently dangerous animals like elephants and primates. Missouri: Requires registration of dangerous reptiles and mammals with law enforcement. Montana: Requires annual permits for wild animals like large cats and bears. Many small exotics are legal without permits. Nebraska: Captive wildlife permits needed for most wild animals, excluding certain species like skunks and bears. Nevada: Relatively lenient, banning certain species like alligators but allowing primates and large cats. New Hampshire: Controlled species like armadillos and cougars require permits. New Jersey: Permits required for many species, including ferrets and primates. Some small animals are exempt. New Mexico: Regulates zoonotic disease carriers like skunks and raccoons; local laws may impose additional restrictions. New York: Prohibits most wild animals and hybrids; fines imposed for violations. North Carolina: Exotic pet laws vary by county or city; no statewide restrictions. North Dakota: Dangerous or hazardous animals like zebras and primates require licenses. Ohio: Strict laws after a 2011 incident, banning dangerous wild animals like tigers and bears without permits. Oklahoma: Permits required for venomous reptiles, while many exotic animals are exempt from regulation. Oregon: Prohibits wild cat species and large predators; permits available for service monkeys. Pennsylvania: Exotic wildlife permits required for animals like lions, wolves, and venomous snakes. Rhode Island: Only specific organizations can own wild carnivores like lions and tigers. South Carolina: Restricts large cats and apes unless registered by 2018. South Dakota: Permits required for most exotic animals, with specific rules for raccoon dogs. Tennessee: Classifies animals by risk level, requiring permits for certain classes. Texas: Requires a certificate of registration for dangerous wild animals like wild cats and primates. Utah: Controlled, noncontrolled, and prohibited animals require different levels of permitting. Vermont: Requires permits for exotic animals not on the unrestricted list. Virginia: Exotic animals like wild cats and crocodiles require permits. Washington: Prohibits dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. West Virginia: Requires permits with strict conditions for keeping wild animals. Wisconsin: Requires licenses for wild animals, but some, like opossums and ground squirrels, are exempt. Wyoming: Requires permits for most wildlife unless specifically exempted. Highlights: Stringent Restrictions: Hawaii, California, and New York are among the strictest states. Lenient Laws: Indiana and Nevada allow more exotic animals with fewer restrictions. Common Prohibitions: Dangerous animals like large cats, bears, primates, and venomous reptiles are frequently restricted. Permits: Most states offer permits for special cases like education or scientific purposes. Zambia : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (07/03/2016) : Positive (Wild, including hunting trophies) Zimbabwe : Conference of the Parties Quota (2024) : 0 Bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. EU DECISIONS (12/12/2023) : In consultation (Wild) References : Species+ Panthera leo Asiatic subpopulation (Asiatic Lion) Panthera leo (Lion) Bills Signed: H.R. 263, H.R. 1193, H.R. 5796, H.R. 7077, S. 198, S. 231, S. 1617, S. 2796, S. 3092, S. 3115, S. 3499, S. 3662, S. 3875 | The White House Laws on Exotic Animals for Each State H.R.263 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Big Cat Public Safety Act | Congress.gov | Library of Congress Notification to the Parties 2022 Notification to the Parties 2024 Letter template-NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES Notification to the Parties No. 2019/ Notification to the Parties No. 2019/035 Notification to the Parties No. 2018/031 Notification to the Parties No. 2018/025 Notification to the Parties No. 2018/015 Notification to the Parties Publications Office Publications Office 69_summary_srg rev.pdf Microsoft Word - SRG 98 short SOC_v3 final rev 30.01.24 71_summary_srg.pdf 15597 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2770 of 12 December 2023 prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein Microsoft Word - SRG 98 short SOC_v3 final rev 30.01.24 89_summary_SRG.pdf DRAFT 16122 77_summary_srg.pdf 75_summary_srg.pdf Microsoft Word - SRG 99 short SOC_v3 30.01.2024 Microsoft Word - SRG 98 short SOC_v3 final rev 30.01.24 Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Saiga antelope Saiga Saiga antelope. Credit: Richard Reading U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters Localization Saiga tatartica : middle Asie Saiga mongoliana : Mongolia Threats Traditional medicine Poaching Diseases Population Growing populations I.U.C.N. : N.T. - Near Threatened (updated 11/12/2023) C.I.T.E.S : Appendix II Bonn Convention : Appendix II Trade Global Asia : The horns of males are very popular in traditional Asian medicine. Chine (P.R.C.) : WORKSHOP ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF SAIGA ANTELOPE Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (27-29/09/2010) Unexplained catastrophic population declines and subsequent recoveries were observed throughout the species' range in the early to mid-1900s. The current decline can be attributed to the combined effects of changes in vegetation to species less palatable to saiga antelope, competition with domestic livestock, increased abundance of predators, disruption of migration routes, poaching and illegal trade. Continued poaching for meat and the illegal trade in horns are seriously exacerbating conservation efforts, especially at this time when all populations of the species are declining. [...] Sustainable use and trade regulation: Formalize the lines of communication started at the workshop (e.g. through the CITES range and consumer State authorities) and use these lines of communication to: i) Explore possible bilateral collaboration between Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and range states ii) Develop options for the establishment of a fund or other enabling mechanism through which the TCM industry could provide financial, technical and human resources to range States to address identified and mutually agreed priorities for in situ restoration of saiga trees. iii) Identify and establish incentive programs that benefit local communities within the saiga range and gain their support for conservation efforts. iv) To explore the feasibility and means of using horns from natural sources, mortality, and government or judicial confiscations. (v) Continue efforts in China to verify and control reported stockpiles of saiga parts. Share lessons learned with other consumer and range States. (vi) Continue research to: a) reduce the use of saiga in traditional Chinese medicine and b) identify alternatives to saiga horn. vii) To consider elements of a possible long-term trade relationship between the MCT, industry and range States, which could serve as a means to prevent poaching and illegal trade in saiga antelope. (viii) Strengthen law enforcement cooperation (e.g. information or intelligence, experience, equipment, capacity building, etc.) between range and consumer States. (ix) Review and revise, as appropriate, national policies to ensure consistency with conservation and sustainable use objectives. Kazakhstan : Workshop on the Implementation and Coordination of the Saiga Antelope (Saiga spp.) Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and other CMS Instruments for Migratory Ungulates in Kazakhstan (17-18/02/2011) The meeting, chaired by Mr. Khairbek Mussabaev (Forestry and Hunting Committee), confirmed [...] a dramatic increase in poaching exclusively targeting saiga horns, which are only worn by saiga males and is therefore likely to lead to a serious decline in males. The following priority measures for the conservation of saiga antelopes in Kazakhstan have been identified within the framework of the MTIWP 2011-2015: [...] Strengthen the relevant capacities of agencies involved in the prevention of illegal trade and export of horns and horn products, such as customs. The participants further [...] recommended: (i) to include the above-mentioned priorities in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) and other sectoral development programmes in Kazakhstan (ii) improve coordination between government agencies involved in the fight against the saiga tree. conservation and protection (e.g., customs, police, border patrol) and (iii) improve the process of interaction and negotiation with the Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine and enterprises, reiterating the recommendations of the Urumqi Saiga meeting in 2010. It has been reported that poaching in Betpak-dala has become more high-tech and that the population of Ustiurt continues to decline rapidly. Also, partnerships with Chinese agencies (CITES and the UNEP/CMS secretariat) were under negotiation at the time of writing. It was necessary to ensure that a bilateral project would not fuel the illegal trade in saiga horn. [...] For the population of Ustiurt, it is necessary to strengthen the fight against poaching, and for the population of Betpak-Dala, the need to strengthen the involvement of the local population in the conservation of the saiga tree. The increase in poaching of saiga horn was discussed with law enforcement agencies in the saiga area and with the Astana Prosecutor General's Office in 2010. The Ministry of Communication and Information has instructed its central and regional divisions to ban all advertising for the sale or trade of saiga horn in the media. Mr. Sergei Orlov, representative of the state-owned company Okhotzooprom, added that there were anecdotal reports of illegal structures in Kazakhstan that processed saiga horn and exported the crushed product. Until now, customs had not encountered such cases. The price of saiga horn is said to have increased, which has boosted the supply of saiga horn. It is also planned to improve the capacity and level of awareness of the services involved in the prevention of illegal trade and exports, including the customs services. Creation of resources and databases that can be consulted online, as part of the MOU. Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Russia and Turkmenistan: Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding (2006) Noting that the Saiga antelope is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Washington, D.C., 1973); Concerned about the unsustainable or illegal domestic and international trade in specimens of the species; Aware that the CITES Standing Committee has recommended the development of a regional strategy for the conservation of the saiga antelope; Concerned that poaching and illegal trade in horns and other products, uncontrolled hunting, destruction of habitats and construction of irrigation canals, roads and other obstacles to natural dispersal and migration have contributed to the recent decline in saiga antelope populations, and that economic hardship, impoverishment of local communities and poor land-use planning are causes, which must be remedied to preserve the saiga antelope; Noting the need to improve the protection of the Saiga antelope and its habitats in each range State and the importance of regional cooperation for its conservation, restoration and sustainable use, including international trade; Recognizing that coordinated and concerted national and transboundary actions by the authorities of the range States responsible for the conservation and management of the Saiga Antelope, subregional, regional and international organizations, professional and trade associations, local communities, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders would enhance its conservation, its recovery and sustainable use, as well as those of habitats and ecosystems that are important to its long-term survival. The Parties AGREE to collaborate on the improvement of the conservation status of the Saiga Antelope throughout its range and to undertake national and joint activities to conserve, restore and sustainably use the species and habitats and ecosystems important for its long-term survival, including the measures specified in the Action Plan which is annexed to and forms an integral part of this Memorandum of Understanding. References : MOU Text | Saiga Antelope (cms.int) Saiga tatarica | CMS Espèces | CMS Saiga_WorkShop_Urumqi_FINAL_REPORT_English.pdf (cms.int) Meeting Recommendations_En_rev_3May11.pdf (cms.int) Meeting_Report_Eng_with_annexes_rev.pdf (cms.int) Saiga Conservation Alliance (11/12/2023)

Who are we ? ང་ཚོ་སུ་ཡིན་ནམ། English version / དབྱིན་ཡིག་ཐོན་རིམ། : The Digital Green Bridge Bhutan–OURANOS is a unique collaboration between Bhutan’s deep respect for nature and the global expertise of the OURANOS Project, which originated in France. We are a small but determined team committed to protecting biodiversity by bridging traditional conservation wisdom with modern digital technology. Our mission is to connect conservationists, scientists, and communities across borders, using innovative tools to monitor and combat wildlife crime — especially illegal trade happening online. Together, we amplify voices that protect endangered species and foster a future where humans and nature coexist in harmony. Though young and modest in size, our passion and vision reach far beyond borders. Dzongkha version / རྫོང་ཁའི་ཐོན་རིམ། : ཌིཇི་ཊཱལ་གིརིན་བྲིག་བོད་ཐང་–ཨོཨུ་ར་ནོས་ནི་ འབྲུག་གི་རང་བཞིན་ལ་གནད་པར་བརྒྱབ་ནས་འགན་འཁུར་བྱེད་པའི་མཉམ་འབྲེལ་ཞིག་དང་ འཕྲུལ་བའི་རིག་གནས་ལས་ཀ་འབྱོར་བ་དང་འབྲེལ་བ་གནང་བའི་ནང་ལས་ཨོཨུ་ར་ནོས་རྒྱུན་གྱི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནས་འགན་འཁུར་བྱས་པ་ཡིན། ང་ཚོ་ནང་གིས་ཡིད་དབང་མཐུན་པའི་མཉམ་འབྲེལ་གྱིས་རང་བཞིན་ཉམས་སྲུང་དང་གྲུབ་འབྲས་གནང་བ་དང་། རྒྱལ་ཁབ་སྤྱི་ཚོགས་དང་མི་རབས་གྱིས་དབུ་འཇུག་བྱེད་དེ་ལས་འབྲེལ་བ་བྱས་ཡོད་པས། འདི་རྗེས་ལས་འབྲེལ་བ་ཡོད་པའི་རིག་གནས་དང་སྲིད་དོན་གྱི་སྐུལ་བ་བྱེད་པ་འདི་ཉིད་ཡིན། ང་ཚོ་གི་ལས་འགན་དེ་མཐར་འཁོར་དང་བཅས་ན་རང་རྩེ་མཐར་དགའ་བ་ཡོད།

Apes Hominidae I.U.C.N. : L.C. : Low Concern N.T. : Not Threatened VU : Vulnerable EN : Endangered CR : Critically Endangered EW : Extinct in the Wild EX : Extinct DD : Data Deficient C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix I : strictly forbidden trade (or allowed by special agreements) Appendix II : restricted trade Appendix III : allowed trade not indexed : no C.I.T.E.S. status Gorillas U.I.C.N. : Eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei ) : C.R. - Critically Endangered Western gorilla (Gorilla beringei ) : C.R. - Critically Endangered C.I.T.E.S. : Eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei ) : Appendix I (01/07/1975) Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla ) : Appendix I (01/07/1975) Chimpanzees U.I.C.N. : Bonobo (Pan paniscus ) : EN - Endangered Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ) : EN - Endangered C.I.T.E.S. : Bonobo (Pan paniscus ) : Appendix I (04/02/1977) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ) : Appendix I (04/02/1977) Orangutans U.I.C.N. : Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii ) : C.R. - Critically Endangered Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ) : C.R. - Critically Endangered (included the subsepecies : Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus , Pongo pygmaeus swurmbii and Pongo pygmaeus morio ) Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis ) : C.R. - Critically Endangered C.I.T.E.S. : Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii ) : Appendix I (01/07/1975) Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ) : Appendix I (01/07/1975) Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis ) : Appendix I (01/07/1975) - Originally listed as Pongo abelii , from which Pongo tapanuliensis was split in 2023, following taxonomic changes adopted at CoP19. Localization Gorillas, bonobos : Central Africa Chimpanzee (out of bonobos) : Western and Central Africa Orangutans : South-East Asia Humans : World Threats Housing and urban areas Tourism and recreation areas Annual and perennial non-timber crops Mining and quarrying Roads and railroads Hunting and trapping terrestrial animals Logging Wood harvesting Fire and fire suppression Habitat shifting and alteration Bushmeat Traditional medicine Poaching and illegal life trade Diseases (i.e. Ebola, anthrax) Illegal pet trade Sexual trade Population Decreasing EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei ) : Class A (20/05/2023) Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla ) : Class A (20/05/2023) Bonobo (Pan paniscus ) Class A (20/05/2023) Chimpanzee : Pan troglodytes : Class A (20/05/2023) Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii ) : Class A (20/05/2023) Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ) : Class A (20/05/2023) Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis ) : Class A (20/05/2023) Trade International : Frankfurt Declaration on Gorilla Conservation (10/06/2009) Urge range states to: Enforce existing laws banning the hunting and trading of gorillas, including strictly regulating the wider bushmeat trade, Establish zones available for legal, sustainable use of wildlife over which local communities have full ownership Create a network of effectively managed protected areas Develop and adhere to best practice guidelines on logging, mineral resource ex traction and agricultural production Raise awareness of the legal status and illegal exploitation of gorillas and other wildlife and take action in order to change public attitudes and consumer behaviour Promote research projects and implement systematic monitoring programmes aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of anti-poaching efforts and halting the illegal bushmeat trade Reduce bushmeat transportation options Develop alternative protein sources. Urge donor states, the international community including NGOs and the private sector to assist range states in implementing the above-mentioned points through the provision of financial and technical assistanc Call upon states to combat illegal trade through the confiscation of illegally held live gorillas and ensure their repatriation into sanctuaries, as appropriate, in their country of origin in cooperation with CITES. Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats - UNEP/GA/Resolution 2.1 (26-27/11/2011) The Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitat : Calls upon the Parties to submit to the INTERPOL General Secretariat, via their INTERPOL National Central Bureaux and using the Ecomessage system, information relating to the poaching of and illegal trade in gorillas. The resulting up-to-date and international database can lead to more efficient and targeted law enforcement activities Recommends non-Party Range States equally to submit to the INTERPOL General Secretariat, via their INTERPOL National Central Bureaux and using the Ecomessage system, information relating to the poaching of and illegal trade in gorillas Encourages the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) to recognize the seriousness of illegal international trade in gorillas, and to provide support to the implementation of the Gorilla Agreement Further calls upon the Parties, other Range States and the Interim Secretariat to cooperate with law enforcement bodies and regional enforcement networks, such as the Lusaka Agreement on cooperative enforcement operations directed at illegal trade in wild fauna and flora and its operational arm, the Lusaka Agreement Task Force where appropriate Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa), Rwanda, Uganda : Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats - UNEP/GA/Resolution 4.1 (12/2023) Fourth Meeting of the Parties of the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats (GA MOP4) Encourages Parties to collaborate with accredited rescue centres and sanctuaries and other conservation partners, whenever possible, in the care, rehabilitation, and rewilding of confiscated live gorillas, following IUCN guidelines. Encourages Parties to submit information on illegal trade in great apes and great ape body parts to the GRASP Ape Seizure Database. Democratic Republic of the Congo : The illegal trade in great apes, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos, thrives in the DRC, fueled by bushmeat hunting and international demand for live animals. Despite existing laws, enforcement remains weak, and corruption exacerbates the issue. The Trade: Bushmeat and Body Parts: Great ape meat is sold locally in Kinshasa at lower prices than beef or chicken. Poachers target mother apes for meat and body parts, selling hands, feet, and skulls. Live Animals: Baby apes are captured and sold to international markets in China, the Middle East, and Europe. In Dubai and China, they are kept as pets or displayed in zoos, while in Nigeria, body parts are used in traditional medicine. Export Routes: Traffickers use air and river transport, often bypassing security by bribing officials. Exports flow to destinations like France, Belgium, Switzerland, and China. Legislative Context: Hunting and trafficking of great apes violate Congolese conservation laws. Corruption undermines enforcement; politicians and high-ranking officials are often complicit in the trade. Global laws like CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) classify African great apes as critically endangered, but enforcement in source countries like the DRC remains inadequate. Scale and Impact: Traffickers exploit weak governance to supply zoos, pet markets, and bushmeat demand. The illegal trade of live apes is estimated to generate $8 million annually. Populations of great apes in Africa are critically endangered due to habitat loss, hunting, and trafficking. France : Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. Guinea : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES (CITES) No. 2023/128 Geneva, 23 November 2023 CONCERNING: APPLICATION OF ARTICLE XIII IN GUINEA All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Indonesia : Orangutans are hunted for meat, body parts, and as illegal pets. Babies are often captured after their mothers are killed, driving further population decline. Orangutan skulls are hidden from public view in souvenir shops, unlike openly displayed monkey skulls. Hunters operate in oil palm plantation areas, where deforestation and fragmentation increase orangutans' vulnerability. Crimes often occur near orangutan habitats, especially in unprotected areas, and the animals are trafficked locally and internationally. While NGOs detect and report crimes, illegal killing and trafficking remain underreported, especially in remote areas. In contrast, crimes involving other species like Sumatran tigers receive higher prosecution rates and harsher sentences. The orangutan skulls trade violates Article 21 of Law No. 5/1990 , which protects endangered species and their ecosystems. Despite legal protections, enforcement remains weak, allowing the trade to persist. Orangutan crimes are rarely prosecuted. From 2007 to 2019, only 21 cases led to convictions. Punishments are light, with penalties as low as $35 or six months in jail. Illegal hunting and trafficking of orangutans in Indonesia continue to pose significant threats to these critically endangered species, with weak law enforcement allowing the crimes to persist. Officials often avoid legal action against local communities involved in orangutan crimes, prioritizing poverty alleviation and development over strict enforcement. Corruption allows high-ranking individuals to escape punishment, even when they illegally keep orangutans. Liberia : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES No. 2018/012 CONCERNING: LIBERIA (22/01/2018) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Nigeria : Convention on Migratory Species - Gorilla Agreement National Report for Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Eastern Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) President Buhari signed the Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Amendment Act in 2016. National Park legislation was also revised. United States : CHIMPANZEE HEALTH IMPROVEMENT, MAINTENANCE, AND PROTECTION ACT - 106th Congress Public Law 551 (20/12/2000) The Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection Act addresses the ethical treatment of chimpanzees previously used in federally funded research and establishes strict rules for their care and trade: Chimpanzee Trade and Captivity: Chimpanzees previously bred, purchased, or captured for research are classified as surplus chimpanzees if they are no longer needed for studies. Once retired, they cannot be traded, sold, or subjected to research, except in rare cases approved by federal authorities under strict conditions. Legislative Protections: A national sanctuary system was created to provide lifetime care for retired chimpanzees. Ownership of surplus chimpanzees is transferred to the sanctuary, ensuring they are not traded or exploited for commercial purposes. Strict regulations prevent breeding and mandate comprehensive records of each chimpanzee's research history. Rare Research Exceptions: The law permits non-invasive studies under limited conditions, such as routine veterinary procedures. Research involving physical removal or harm is prohibited unless deemed essential for public health, reviewed by experts, and involves minimal distress to the chimpanzee. Regulations Against Illegal Trade: Chimpanzees cannot leave the sanctuary system once accepted, protecting them from re-entering illegal or exploitative trade networks. Only entities meeting stringent standards can manage sanctuaries, preventing misuse or neglect. Legislative Oversight: The Secretary of Health and Human Services oversees the sanctuary system, ensuring compliance with the law. Annual reports to Congress track the number of retired chimpanzees and the use of public and private funds to care for them. By regulating how chimpanzees are caught, traded, and retired, the act closes gaps that previously allowed exploitation while ensuring ethical treatment for those no longer used in research. Rules through the United States : Alabama: Restrictions on exotic animals like giant snails, bobcats, and venomous reptiles unless permitted before 2021. No release of non-native animals without a license. Alaska: Broad restrictions on wildlife, including wolf hybrids and chimpanzees. Some pets, like ferrets, are legal without a permit. Arizona: Extensive restrictions require permits for many species like primates, foxes, and Gila monsters. Permits are issued for specific purposes like education. Arkansas: Large carnivores and primates are restricted unless permitted before set years. Some venomous reptiles are allowed with permits, and up to six captive-bred animals like raccoons can be owned without a permit. California: Prohibits most wild animals, including bears and primates, but allows hybrids like Savannah cats. Colorado: Most exotic animals like primates and raccoons are banned, but hedgehogs and sugar gliders are allowed without permits. Connecticut: Prohibits dangerous animals like bears and wolves. Limited ownership of primates allowed under specific conditions. Delaware: Requires permits for exotic animals; no comprehensive list of banned animals is provided. District of Columbia: Only common domestic pets like cats, dogs, and some birds are allowed. Exotic species are banned. Florida: Animals categorized into Classes I-III, with varying permit requirements. Non-dangerous animals like ferrets are exempt. Georgia: Strict permitting for wild animals like kangaroos and venomous snakes, while ferrets and sugar gliders are allowed under specific conditions. Hawaii: Most exotic animals, including hedgehogs and ferrets, are banned. A limited number of domesticated animals are permitted. Idaho: Prohibits animals harmful to agriculture, like wild boars and large cats. Llamas and guinea pigs are allowed without permits. Illinois: Restricts dangerous animals like large cats and wolves to organizations. Existing primates are allowed if registered. Indiana: Allows exotic animal ownership with permits for different classes, from squirrels to large predators. Iowa: Restricts dangerous wild animals unless permitted before 2007. Hybrids of domestic species are allowed. Kansas: Limits ownership of regulated animals like large cats, bears, and venomous snakes to approved facilities. Kentucky: Bans inherently dangerous animals like primates and bears. Some permits available for non-dangerous species. Louisiana: Requires permits for large snakes and prohibits endangered or dangerous species like bears and wolves. Maine: Broad restrictions on exotic pets like giraffes and kangaroos. Some exotic animals like coati are permitted. Maryland: Prohibits dangerous animals like primates and large cats unless registered before 2006. Massachusetts: Strict restrictions on endangered species and venomous reptiles. Ferrets allowed under specific conditions. Michigan: Restricts ownership of non-native species like large cats. Permits are available for captive-bred wildlife. Minnesota: Prohibits regulated animals like large cats unless registered before 2005. Mississippi: Requires liability insurance for permits to own inherently dangerous animals like elephants and primates. Missouri: Requires registration of dangerous reptiles and mammals with law enforcement. Montana: Requires annual permits for wild animals like large cats and bears. Many small exotics are legal without permits. Nebraska: Captive wildlife permits needed for most wild animals, excluding certain species like skunks and bears. Nevada: Relatively lenient, banning certain species like alligators but allowing primates and large cats. New Hampshire: Controlled species like armadillos and cougars require permits. New Jersey: Permits required for many species, including ferrets and primates. Some small animals are exempt. New Mexico: Regulates zoonotic disease carriers like skunks and raccoons; local laws may impose additional restrictions. New York: Prohibits most wild animals and hybrids; fines imposed for violations. North Carolina: Exotic pet laws vary by county or city; no statewide restrictions. North Dakota: Dangerous or hazardous animals like zebras and primates require licenses. Ohio: Strict laws after a 2011 incident, banning dangerous wild animals like tigers and bears without permits. Oklahoma: Permits required for venomous reptiles, while many exotic animals are exempt from regulation. Oregon: Prohibits wild cat species and large predators; permits available for service monkeys. Pennsylvania: Exotic wildlife permits required for animals like lions, wolves, and venomous snakes. Rhode Island: Only specific organizations can own wild carnivores like lions and tigers. South Carolina: Restricts large cats and apes unless registered by 2018. South Dakota: Permits required for most exotic animals, with specific rules for raccoon dogs. Tennessee: Classifies animals by risk level, requiring permits for certain classes. Texas: Requires a certificate of registration for dangerous wild animals like wild cats and primates. Utah: Controlled, noncontrolled, and prohibited animals require different levels of permitting. Vermont: Requires permits for exotic animals not on the unrestricted list. Virginia: Exotic animals like wild cats and crocodiles require permits. Washington: Prohibits dangerous animals like bears and venomous snakes. West Virginia: Requires permits with strict conditions for keeping wild animals. Wisconsin: Requires licenses for wild animals, but some, like opossums and ground squirrels, are exempt. Wyoming: Requires permits for most wildlife unless specifically exempted. Highlights: Stringent Restrictions: Hawaii, California, and New York are among the strictest states. Lenient Laws: Indiana and Nevada allow more exotic animals with fewer restrictions. Common Prohibitions: Dangerous animals like large cats, bears, primates, and venomous reptiles are frequently restricted. Permits: Most states offer permits for special cases like education or scientific purposes. Sexual trades : Pony's story See : Zoophilia Pony, an orangutan rescued from a brothel in Indonesia, symbolizes the cruelty of illegal wildlife trafficking and exploitation. This practice, driven by greed and enabled by deforestation and weak enforcement, continues to endanger orangutans, pushing them closer to extinction. Trafficking and Abuse: Pony was stolen as a baby, her mother likely killed in the process. Orangutans typically stay with their mothers for 7–11 years, making this separation devastating. She was held in a brothel, chained to a bed, and forced to perform sex acts on men who paid her captors. Her entire body was shaved every other day, leading to sores and infections. She was adorned with jewelry and perfume to make her appear “attractive.” Rescue and Recovery: In 2003, it took 35 armed police officers to rescue Pony from the resistant local community, who depended on her for income. Despite physical and emotional trauma, she displayed resilience, slowly regaining trust and adapting to her new life in the Nyaru Menteng Rehabilitation Centre. Due to her prolonged captivity, Pony lacks survival skills and cannot be released into the wild The Larger Issue: Illegal Trade Scale of the Problem: Around 1,000 orangutans are killed annually, often to sell their babies on the black market. For every baby orangutan sold, up to four others are killed. Traffickers sell orangutans for up to £10,000, with demand fueled by wealthy buyers, zoos, and even celebrities. Social Media’s Role: Platforms like Instagram and Facebook have made it easier to buy and sell endangered animals. Baby orangutans are particularly prized for their cute appearance but grow into unmanageable adults. Legislative and Conservation Challenges Weak Enforcement: Despite laws protecting orangutans, enforcement remains inconsistent. Traffickers often operate without fear of punishment. The illegal wildlife trade thrives due to corruption, limited resources, and growing online markets. Pony’s story is a stark reminder of the suffering caused by the illegal wildlife trade. Stricter enforcement, community education, and international cooperation are crucial to protecting orangutans and ensuring their survival. References : Species+ Publications Office Gorilla beringei (Eastern Gorilla) Gorilla gorilla (Western Gorilla) Pan paniscus (Bonobo) Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee) Pongo pygmaeus ssp. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean Orangutan) Pongo pygmaeus ssp. wurmbii (Southwest Bornean Orangutan) Pongo pygmaeus ssp. morio (Northeast Bornean Orangutan) Pongo abelii (Sumatran Orangutan) Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean Orangutan) Pongo tapanuliensis (Tapanuli Orangutan) cms_cop13_ca.13.1_e.pdf cms_ga_resolution_4.1_e.pdf cms_ga_mop4_meeting-report_e.pdf Resolution_2_1_Wildlife_Law_Enforcement_E Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance Nigeria National Report - MOP4.pdf govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ551/html/PLAW-106publ551.htm Laws on Exotic Animals for Each State Sherman et al., 2022 ; Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns - ScienceDirect Stop orangutan skull trade - ANTARA News Inside the DRC’s great ape trade - Oxpeckers Horrifying tale of prostitute orangutan who was chained to a bed, shaved daily and forced to perform sex acts on men – The Sun | The Sun

Reptiles and Amphibians Reptilia and Amphibia I.U.C.N. : L.C. : Low Concern N.T. : Not Threatened VU : Vulnerable EN : Endangered CR : Critically Endangered EW : Extinct in the Wild EX : Extinct C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix I : strictly forbidden trade (or allowed by special agreements) Appendix II : restricted trade Appendix III : allowed trade not indexed : no C.I.T.E.S. status Localization World but Polar areas Threats Population Decreasing Trade Australia : Chekunov et al . (2024) highlight in their study the widespread international trade of Australian reptiles and amphibians, revealing concerning trends: Species in Trade: Over 160 Australian reptile species and 7 frog species are involved in the global pet trade. Popular species include central bearded dragons, ridgetail monitors, and barking geckos. Online Trade: Reptiles dominate online markets, with the central bearded dragon appearing on 142 websites. Social media plays a significant role in trading rare species. Smuggling and Seizures: Smuggling incidents often involve shinglebacks, central bearded dragons, and Gidgee skinks. Germany and China are common destinations for illegally traded species. CITES Protections: More than half of the traded species are listed under CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), protecting them against illegal trade. Many species were added to CITES protections as recently as 2022. Trade Hotspots: The U.S. and Germany are key players, with Germany being a major exporter and target for smugglers. Central bearded dragons are the most widely traded species globally. Concerns: Wildlife trade impacts native populations, threatens species with extinction, and fosters cruel smuggling practices. This research underscores the need for stricter regulations and enforcement to protect Australia's unique biodiversity. France : Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. References : Chekunov et al. (2024) - Scale of unregulated international trade in Australian reptiles and amphibians - The Society for Conservation Biology Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Direct sheets birds Find, check and signal ! Birds of prey Bonelli's eagle Other birds Amsterdam albatross

Rhone streber Zingel asper Apron du Rhône - équipe de la réserve , Jean-Bernard Catella Localisation Rhone Basin, France, Switzerland Threats Water pollution Dams and water uses Droughts Population Decreasing I.U.C.N. : C .R. - Critically endangered C.I.T.E.S : not indexed Trade France : Article L436-9 of the Environmental Code The administrative authority responsible for freshwater fisheries (DDT) may authorise the capture, transport or sale of fish at any time, for health, scientific and ecological purposes, in particular to enable them to be rescued, counted, reproduced, to promote restocking and to remedy biological imbalances: under national legislation, its transport and release only require a "fishing" permit under - Article L436-9 of the Environmental Code, instructed by the DDT in charge of freshwater fishing - the transposition into French law of international and European obligations remains very incomplete for this species (unlike, in particular, the European sturgeon) References : PNA-Apron-du-Rhone.pdf (biodiversite.gouv.fr) Zingel asper (iucnredlist.org) Article L436-9 - Code de l'environnement - Légifrance