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Okinawa dugong : Research and results 沖縄のジュゴン：研究と結果 23/12/2024 : English version / 英語版 : The dugong (Dugong dugon ) is a gentle marine mammal. The Okinawan dugong, which lives in the northernmost part of the island, is on the brink of extinction and only a small number of them remain. They used to live in large numbers in the waters around the Ryukyu Islands, but due to human factors, their numbers have dropped sharply. In order to protect dugongs and their habitat, the dugong research team Zan (which means dugong in Okinawan) has been investigating the bite marks on seaweed, which is their only food, and collecting important data for conservation. The dugong is a gentle marine mammal. The Okinawan dugong, which lives in the northernmost part of the island, is on the brink of extinction and only a small number of them remain. They used to live in large numbers in the waters around the Ryukyu Islands, but due to human factors, their numbers have dropped sharply. In order to protect dugongs and their habitat, the dugong research team Zan (which means dugong in Okinawan) has been investigating the bite marks on seaweed, which is their only food, and collecting important data for conservation. Of the three dugongs (individuals A, B, and C) that lived in the waters around Okinawa Island, two have disappeared, and we had to suspend our monitoring of the dugongs. However, we have found traces of the remaining young individual C migrating in search of new feeding grounds in the waters around Okinawa Island. We are working with the fishermen who continue to monitor the population (which we believe to be several) that still lives in Miyako Island, and are continuing to make every effort possible to ensure the survival of the local population in Okinawa. Japanese version / 日本語版 : 温和な海洋哺乳類ジュゴン ( Dugong dugon ) 。その最も北に生息する沖縄のジュゴンは、絶滅の危機に瀕しており、わずかな数しか生き残っていません。かつては琉球諸島周辺海域にたくさん生息していましたが、人為的な要因により、その数は急激に減少しています。ジュゴンとその生息地を保護するために、ジュゴン調査チーム ・ザン (沖縄の言葉でジュゴン)は彼らの唯一の餌である海草の噛み跡を調査し、保護のための重要なデータを収集して来ました。 沖縄島周辺海域に生息していた3頭(A個体、B個体、C個体)のジュゴンのうち、2頭が姿を消して、私たちのモニタリングしていたジュゴンの調査は中断せねばならなくなりました。 しかし、沖縄島周辺海域には残った若いC個体が新たな餌場を探し回遊している痕跡が確認されています。 私たちは今も宮古島に生息している個体群(数頭と考えている)のモニタリングを続ける海人と連携をとり、沖縄の地域個体群の存続に向けて、出来る限りの努力を続けています。 04/04/2024 : Fecal DNA analysis coupled with the sighting records re-expanded a known distribution of dugongs in Ryukyu Islands after half a century 糞便DNA分析と目撃記録を組み合わせることで、半世紀ぶりに琉球諸島におけるジュゴンの既知の分布範囲が再拡大した Hiroyuki Ozawa, Takahiro Yoshihama, Shogo Gishitomi, Natsuki Watanabe, Kotaro Ichikawa, Keiichi Sato, Kenta Watanabe, Katsuhiko Takano, Yosuke Ochiai, Hiroki Yamanaka, Atsushi Maruyama English version / 英語版 : DNA analysis of large herbivore feces samples collected from seagrass beds at two distant sites (Irabu Island in Miyako Islands and Kushi in Okinawa Island) in the Ryukyu Islands proved that some of these feces were from dugongs, which had been treated in recent studies as extinct in this region since the last stranding of a deceased individual in 2019. In addition, local knowledge of sightings of animals thought to be dugongs and confirmed cases of dugong feeding trails since 2010 were compiled to estimate its recent distribution. This is the first scientific report on the presence of this mammal in the Ryukyu Islands within the last four years, and particularly in the Miyako Islands within the last half-century. As the Ryukyu Islands are known to be the northern limit of the dugong’s fragmented distribution in East Asia, conservation efforts are therefore needed. Japanese version / 日本語版 : 琉球諸島の2か所の遠隔地（宮古諸島の伊良部島と沖縄島久志）の海草藻場から採取された大型草食動物の糞サンプルのDNA分析により、これらの糞の一部はジュゴンのものであることが判明した。ジュゴンは、2019年に最後に死んだ個体が座礁して以来、最近の研究ではこの地域では絶滅したとされていた。さらに、ジュゴンと思われる動物の目撃情報や、2010年以降のジュゴンの餌付け跡の確認事例に関する現地の知識をまとめ、最近の分布を推定した。これは、過去4年間の琉球諸島、特に過去半世紀での宮古諸島におけるこの哺乳類の存在に関する初の科学的報告である。琉球諸島は東アジアにおけるジュゴンの断片的な分布の北限であることが知られているため、保護活動が必要である。 Read the article / 記事を読む 12/04/2022 : Trajectory to local extinction of an isolated dugong population near Okinawa Island, Japan 日本の沖縄島付近の孤立したジュゴンの個体群の局所的絶滅への軌跡 Hajime Kayanne , Takeshi Hara , Nobuaki Arai , Hiroya Yamano , Hiroyuki Matsuda English version / 英語版 : A small animal population becomes extinct owing to demographic and environmental stochasticity after declining below the minimum viable population (MVP). However, the actual process of extinction derived by stochastic factors after crossing MVP has not been recorded for long-lived marine mammals. Here, we reconstructed the declining history of a small, isolated population of dugongs in Okinawa over 125 years. The initial population size of approximately 280–420 in the nineteenth century declined to approximately < 100 in 1917 because of overfishing, < 70 in 1979, 11 in 1997, 3 after 2006, and all known individuals disappeared or died by 2019. After 1979, a decline in the natural growth rate has led to extinction. Long-lived animals may persist for a few decades after the population falls below the MVP, at which time active conservation measures, such as captive breeding, should be implemented. The exact number of dugongs is unknown because they are wild. The reason why it was said that there were 50 dugongs around 1970 was that the opinion of researchers that the number could not be in the hundreds took on a life of its own and spread to the number 50. Also, the fact that the number has decreased to three means that only three individuals were identified and confirmed in the waters around Okinawa Island. The male individual A that we were monitoring, and individuals B and C, who live as a parent and child around Kouri Island on the west coast. The three individuals also disappeared from their main feeding grounds due to the impact of the construction of a US military base in the Henoko waters, and in March 2019, female individual B died in an accident, and her child individual C was missing. However, traces of dugongs' habitat have been frequently confirmed in the waters around Okinawa Island. Recently, there have been multiple sightings of dugongs in the Yaeyama Islands and Taiwan, and it is predicted that a marine corridor through which dugongs can travel exists along the Kuroshio Current that runs from East Asia to Okinawa and China's Hainan Island. Also, the fact that the number has decreased to three means that only three individuals were identified and confirmed in the waters around Okinawa Island. The male individual A that we were monitoring, and individuals B and C, who live as a parent and child around Kouri Island on the west coast. The three individuals also disappeared from their main feeding grounds due to the impact of the construction of a US military base in the Henoko waters, and in March 2019, female individual B died in an accident, and her child individual C was missing. However, traces of dugongs' habitat have been frequently confirmed in the waters around Okinawa Island. Recently, there have been multiple sightings of dugongs in the Yaeyama Islands and Taiwan, and it is predicted that a marine corridor through which dugongs can travel exists along the Kuroshio Current that runs from East Asia to Okinawa and China's Hainan Island. Japanese version / 日本語版 : 小型動物の個体群は、最小生存個体群（MVP）を下回ると、人口動態および環境の確率論により絶滅する。しかし、長寿の海洋哺乳類の場合、MVPを超えた後に確率論的要因によって生じる実際の絶滅のプロセスは記録されていない。本研究では、沖縄に生息する孤立した小さな個体群の125年間にわたる減少の歴史を再現した。19世紀には約280～420頭であった当初の個体群は、乱獲により1917年には約100頭未満、1979年には70頭未満、1997年には11頭、2006年以降は3頭に減少し、2019年までに既知の個体はすべて姿を消すか死亡した。1979年以降は、自然成長率の低下が絶滅につながった。長寿命の動物は、個体数が MVP を下回った後も数十年間は生き残る可能性があり、その場合には飼育下繁殖などの積極的な保全対策を実施する必要があります。 ジュゴンの数は、野生なので正確にはわかりません。 1970年頃に50頭と言われているのも、研究者が100の単位ではいないであろうと言う見解が、一人歩きして、50という数に流布されたそうです。 また、3頭に減ったと言うのも、沖縄島周辺海域で、個体識別して、確認出来たのが3頭と言う事です。 私たちのモニタリングしていたオスの個体A、西海岸古宇利島周辺で親子で生息していま個体BとC。 その3頭も、辺野古海域への米軍基地建設などの影響もあり、主要なら餌場から姿を消し、2019年の3月にメスの個体Bが不慮の事故で死亡し、その子どもである個体Cは行方不明でした。 しかし、沖縄島周辺海域では、度々ジュゴンの生息の痕跡が確認されていました。 そして、最近、八重山や台湾でもジュゴンの目撃情報が複数あり、東アジアから沖縄、中国の海南島にかけての黒潮の流れに沿って、ジュゴンの行き来出来る海の回廊が予想されています。 私たちのモニタリングしていたオスの個体A、西海岸古宇利島周辺で親子で生息していま個体BとC。 その3頭も、辺野古海域への米軍基地建設などの影響もあり、主要なら餌場から姿を消し、2019年の3月にメスの個体Bが不慮の事故で死亡し、その子どもである個体Cは行方不明でした。 しかし、沖縄島周辺海域では、度々ジュゴンの生息の痕跡が確認されていました。 そして、最近、八重山や台湾でもジュゴンの目撃情報が複数あり、東アジアから沖縄、中国の海南島にかけての黒潮の流れに沿って、ジュゴンの行き来出来る海の回廊が予想されています。 私たちのモニタリングしていたオスの個体A、西海岸古宇利島周辺で親子で生息していま個体BとC。 その3頭も、辺野古海域への米軍基地建設などの影響もあり、主要なら餌場から姿を消し、2019年の3月にメスの個体Bが不慮の事故で死亡し、その子どもである個体Cは行方不明でした。 しかし、沖縄島周辺海域では、度々ジュゴンの生息の痕跡が確認されていました。 そして、最近、八重山や台湾でもジュゴンの目撃情報が複数あり、東アジアから沖縄、中国の海南島にかけての黒潮の流れに沿って、ジュゴンの行き来出来る海の回廊が予想されています。 Read the article / 記事を読む

Team ZAN チーム・ザン OURANOS partner's hosting Original website : Dugong Survey Team Giang at the Northern Limit Facebook The Okinawan dugong, the Northernmost population of this gentle marine mammal, is critically endangered, with only a few dozen left. Once abundant in Okinawa's waters, their numbers have drastically declined. To help protect them and their habitat, the dugong research team, ZAN studies bite marks on seagrass to gather crucial data for their conservation. 温和な海洋哺乳類の最も北に生息する沖縄のジュゴンは、絶滅の危機に瀕しており、わずか数十頭しか残っていません。かつては沖縄の海域にたくさん生息していましたが、その数は急激に減少しています。ジュゴンとその生息地を保護するために、ジュゴン研究チーム ザン は海草の噛み跡を調査し、保護のための重要なデータを収集しています。 Team ZAN : Who are we ? チーム・ザン : 私たちは誰ですか？ Mission and methods ミッションと方法 Okinawa dugong : Research and results 沖縄のジュゴン：研究と結果 News ニュース Series : The Role of Humans (not available) 人間の役割 (利用不可)

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Articles - laws and geopolitics OURANOS Project - Team ZAN The Legal and Conservation Battle for the Okinawa Dugong Read the article Sumatra Ecoproject What You Should Know About Law Enforcement and Wildlife Crime in Sumatra Read the article

Bats Chiroptera I.U.C.N. : L.C. : Low Concern N.T. : Not Threatened VU : Vulnerable EN : Endangered CR : Critically Endangered EW : Extinct in the Wild EX : Extinct C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix I : strictly forbidden trade (or allowed by special agreements) Appendix II : restricted trade Appendix III : allowed trade not indexed : no C.I.T.E.S. status Localisation World out of Poles Threats Trade online Agriculture, some of pesticides Diseases Bush meat Traditionnal medicine Touristic trade Trade France : Including “Chiroptera” bonds in sales deeds during state real estate transfers Number of sales deeds that included a clause in favor of bats Including “Chiroptera” data in sales deeds during state real estate transfers or forest house transfers Number of sales deeds that included a clause in favor of bats Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. United States : Some animals, such as bats, insects, and snails, are known to carry zoonotic diseases. Importation of such animals for any purpose requires permits from CDC and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Because bats can be infected with and transmit rabies, permits are not issued for the importation of bats as pets. Etiologic agents, hosts, or vectors of human disease, including microorganisms, insects, biological materials, tissues, certain live animals (e.g., live snails), and animal products may require a CDC permit for importation or transfer into the United States. CDC permits for approved scientific, exhibition, or educational purposes are issued through the CDC Import Permit Program. Internet trade The species Kerivoula picta , like other microbats, is sold on online platforms for decorative purposes as well as as souvenirs for tourists. According to Coleman et al. (2024), sales of Kerivoula picta and other bats are decreasing between December 2022 and January 2023, but are predominant in Western countries, reaching more than 500 offers listed on eBay for the United States. According to a study led by Hunter et al . (2024), over a period of 18-months, the sale of 4479 different bat products have been identified , derived from 47 different species. On Etsy, it is estimated that over 10,000 items were sold over the study period, including skulls, skeletons, taxidermy, framed displays and jewellery. The sellers of these items were predominantly located in Europe, North America and Hong Kong, whilst analysis of the ranges of the species advertised in listings indicated that South and South East Asia are likely to be hotspots of sourcing for this trade. Moreover, bat ornaments are largely sold as collectible oddities. Cynopterus brachyotis (I.U.C.N. : L.C. , C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) Eonycteris spelaea (I.U.C.N. : L.C. , C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) Kerivoula picta (I.U.C.N. : N.T. - soon revised, C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) Decreasing Kerivoula pellucida (I.U.C.N. : N.T. , C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) Decreasing Nycteris javanica (I.U.C.N. : V.U. , C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) Decreasing Picture : Hansmuller, 2015, Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden) Pipistrellus javanicus (I.U.C.N. : L.C. , C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) Pipistrellus kuhlii (I.U.C.N. : L.C. , C.I.T.E.S. : not indexed) References : PNA_Chiropteres_2016-2025.pdf (biodiversite.gouv.fr) http://www.economie.gouv.fr/cessions Bats | Bringing an Animal into U.S. | Importation | CDC Muscardin volant — Wikipédia (wikipedia.org) Bat Trade Working Group - IUCN SSC Bat Specialist Group (iucnbsg.org) Frontiers | Bat E-Commerce: Insights Into the Extent and Potential Implications of This Dark Trade (frontiersin.org) Increasing concern over trade in bat souvenirs from South-east Asia | Oryx | Cambridge Core Endangered Species Act Protections Sought for Painted Woolly Bats - Center for Biological Diversity Increasing concern over trade in bat souvenirs from South-east Asia | Oryx | Cambridge Core Joanna Coleman, Nistara Randhawa, Joe Chun-Chia Huang, Tigga Kingston, Benjamin P Y-H Lee, Joy M O’Keefe, Abigail Rutrough, Vu Dinh Thong, Susan M Tsang, Chris R Shepherd. 2024, Dying for décor: quantifying the online, ornamental trade in a distinctive bat species, Kerivoula picta Sara Bronwen Hunter, Julie Weeds, Fiona Mathews. 2024, Monitoring the trade in bat taxidermy and specimens on e-commerce platforms - ScienceDirect - Biological Conservation (299,110827) Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Loris, pottos and angwantibos Lorisidae I.U.C.N. : L.C. : Low Concern N.T. : Not Threatened VU : Vulnerable EN : Endangered CR : Critically Endangered EW : Extinct in the Wild EX : Extinct C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix I : strictly forbidden trade (or allowed by special agreements) Appendix II : restricted trade Appendix III : allowed trade not indexed : no C.I.T.E.S. status Golden angwantibo Arctocebus aureus U.I.C.N. : LC - Least Concerned C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix II (04/02/1977) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex B (20/05/2023) Calabar angwantibo Arctocebus calabarensis U.I.C.N. : NT - Not Threatened C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix II (04/02/1977) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex B (20/05/2023) Gray slender loris Loris lydekkerianus U.I.C.N. : NT - Not Threatened C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix II (04/02/1977) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex B (20/05/2023) Red slender loris Loris tardigradus U.I.C.N. : EN - En dangered C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix II (04/02/1977) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex B (20/05/2023) Red slender loris Nycticebus bengalensis U.I.C.N. : EN - En dangered C.I.T.E.S. : Appendix I (13/09/2007) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023) Sunda slow loris / Greater slow loris Nycticebus coucang U.I.C.N. : EN - Endangered C.I.T.E.S: Appendix I (13/09/2007) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023) Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus U.I.C.N. : CR - Critically Endangered C.I.T.E.S: Appendix I (13/09/2007) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023) Kayan Slow Loris Nycticebus kayan U.I.C.N. : VU - Vulnerable C.I.T.E.S: Appendix I (13/09/2007) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023) Pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus U.I.C.N. : EN - Endangered C.I.T.E.S: Appendix I (13/09/2007) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023) Milne-Edwards's Potto Perodicticus edwardsi U.I.C.N. : LC - Least Concerned C.I.T.E.S : No status East African potto Perodicticus ibeanus U.I.C.N. : LC - Least Concerned C.I.T.E.S: No status West African potto Perodicticus potto U.I.C.N. : NT - Not Threatened C.I.T.E.S: Appendix II (04/02/1977) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex B (20/05/2023) False potto Pseudopotto martini U.I.C.N. : LC - Least Concerned C.I.T.E.S: Appendix II (04/02/1977) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex B (20/05/2023) Localization South Asia, South-Eastern Asia (Lorises) West Africa and Central Africa (Angwantibos and pottos) Threats Annual and perennial non-timber crops Wood and pulp plantations Logging and wood harvesting Hunting Trapping Population Decreasing Trade Internet : According to Nekaris et al . (2015), the 100 videos viewed contained 122 individual slow lorises. Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis ;37%) and pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus ;39%) occurred most frequently, followed by greater slow loris (N. coucang ;16%), Javan slow loris (N. javanicus ;4%) and Philippine slow loris (N. menagensis ;3%) as well as one purported hybrid (1%). Slow loris videos were predominantly uploaded from 5 countries, China (15%), Thailand (15%), Vietnam (7%), all slow loris range countries, Japan (28%) and Russia (12%). For China, 6 of the 15 individuals recorded were non-native species, and for Thailand, 5 of the 15 individuals recorded were not native to the country. With regard to age class, most slow lorises were adults (55%), followed by juveniles (23%) and infants (22%). All 100 videos found showed at least 1 negative condition, with 4% showing only 1 condition, but with nearly one third (31%) showing all 5 negative conditions. Presence of conditions included human contact (57%), daylight (87%), signs of stress and ill health (53%), unnatural environmental conditions (91%) and isolation from conspecifics (77%). In 49% of the videos at least 1 of the slow lorises present was obese. In 8 separate videos infections were observed around the muzzle of an individual, indicating that teeth had been removed, and 3 animals exhibited open wounds consistent with being bitten by a conspecific. The average duration of the videos was 129 ± 92.9 s; there was no relation between the duration of the video and the number of conditions shown. Cambodia : Cambodia lists them as protected, with penalties of one month in prison and fines of US$2.50 to US$250 in 2010 for anyone who catches, hunts, poisons, or transports them. Democratic Republic of Congo : West African potto (Perodicticus potto ) : Quota : 100 - Live (2024) France : Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. Guinea : APPLICATION OF ARTICLE XIII IN GUINEA Recommendation to maintain the suspension of trade for commercial purposes with Guinea in specimens of all CITES-listed species and other recommendations (23/11/2023) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Guinea-Bissau : CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA 22/01/2018) The Secretariat informed Parties of the recommendation by the Standing Committee that all Parties suspend commercial trade with Guinea-Bissau and Liberia in specimens of CITES-listed species until further notice for failure to adopt appropriate legislative measures to implement the Convention. India : Ban on trade in wild fauna and flora, except certain specimens of Dalbergia latifolia and Dalbergia sissoo (26/03/2018) India permits the export of cultivated varieties of plant species included in Appendices I and II and has indicated that all products, other than the wood and wood products in the form of logs, timber, stumps, roots, bark, chips, powder, flakes, dust and charcoal, produced from wild sourced (W) Dalbergia sissoo and Dalbergia latifolia and authorized for export by a CITES Comparable Certificate issued by the competent authorities of India are exempted from the general ban. Such Dalbergia sissoo and Dalbergia latifolia specimens are harvested legally as per the regional and national laws of India and as per the prescribed management (working) plans, which are based on silvicultural principles and all are covered under Legal Procurement Certificate; all the material are sold from the Government timber depots through auction or are legally procured and can be exported legally. Starting on the date of this Notification, all the CITES Comparable Certificates will be issued with a footnote, stating that the wild (W) source specimens are covered under Legal Procurement Certificate as per regional and national laws in India. Indonesia : In Indonesia, the slow loris trade has been illegal since 1973, when the Agriculture Ministry passed Decree No. 66. This regulation was clarified in 1999 with Government Regulation No. 7 ("Protection of Wild Flora and Fauna") and Act No. 5 ("Biodiversity Conservation"). Violators are subject to five years in prison and a fine of 100 million rupiah (~US$10,000). Hundreds of Indonesian lorises are traded domestically every year, sold in open-air “bird markets,” by the side of the road, and even at shopping malls. Because they look cute and cuddly, they are desirable as pets or even as a kind of “living toy” for children. Buyers typically do not know anything about these animals and so are unaware of their endangered status. Local hunters work for specialized animal trade mafias. Traders will buy them and take them to the main markets in big cities, where customers will pay around 300,000 to 500,000 rupiahs (US$32 to US$54) for one animal. Often, the buyers are Western tourists or expatriates who sometimes pay up to 1,000,000 rupiahs (US$108). The buyers feel pity for these poor animals, although they don’t know that buying them is cruel—and technically illegal. Lorises are not well adapted to captivity and are very stress-sensitive. On top of this, owners usually have no idea how to care for their new purchases and do not feed their lorises a proper diet. Consequently, captive lorises often die of nutritional problems, pneumonia, and stress. One additional cause of death for traded lorises is dental infections, with a death rate of up to 90 percent. Lorises’ teeth are often brutally cut or pulled out by traders using nail cutters, causing unbearable pain. Lorises with no teeth are not able to fend for themselves in the wild, as they use their canines and a special venom they produce in their brachial glands to stun their prey and protect themselves from predators. These lorises are unreleasable and must remain in captivity the rest of their lives. (Sanchez, 2008) On the internet, loris bones have already be sold on the online platform TokopediaⓇ for traditional medicine and living individuals as pets . Laos : Recommendation to suspend trade for commercial purposes with the Lao People's Democratic Republic in specimens of all CITES-listed species and other recommendations (21/11/2023) All commercial trade in specimens of CITES-listed species are suspended. Liberia : CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA 22/01/2018) The Secretariat informed Parties of the recommendation by the Standing Committee that all Parties suspend commercial trade with Guinea-Bissau and Liberia in specimens of CITES-listed species until further notice for failure to adopt appropriate legislative measures to implement the Convention. Philippines : CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (29/11-/2010) The export for commercial purposes of wild-caught specimens of wild terrestrial fauna is prohibited. Only specimens bred in captivity by breeders authorized and registered by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the CITES Management Authority for terrestrial wildlife, may be exported. This restriction has been in effect since 15 February 1994. Parties are urged to help the Philippines in implementing the bans mentioned above and to inform it of any attempts to import into their territories specimens subject to the prohibition. Togo : West African potto (Perodicticus potto ) : Quota : 10 - Wild-taken (2024) Read the article References : Is Tickling Torture? Assessing Welfare towards Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within Web 2.0 Videos | Folia Primatologica | Karger Publishers Indonesia’s Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade Dr. Karmele Llano Sanchez, International Animal Rescue - 105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf Nekaris et al. 2010 , p. 882. Nekaris et al. 20 10 , p. 883. Nekaris and Munds 2010 , p. 390 McGreal 2007b . Species+ - CITES Notification: Philippines, Prohibition of trade in CITES specimens Arctocebus aureus (Golden Angwantibo) Arctocebus calabarensis (Calabar Angwantibo) Loris lydekkerianus (Grey Slender Loris) Loris tardigradus (Red Slender Loris) Nycticebus bengalensis (Bengal Slow Loris) Nycticebus coucang (Greater Slow Loris) Nycticebus javanicus (Javan Slow Loris) Nycticebus kayan (Kayan Slow Loris) Nycticebus pygmaeus (Pygmy Slow Loris) Perodicticus potto (West African Potto) Perodicticus ibeanus (East African Potto) Perodicticus edwardsi (Milne-Edwards's Potto) Publications Office - Official Journal of the European Union Notification to the Parties No. 2018/031 Letter template - Recommendation to suspend trade for commercial purposes with the Lao People's Democratic Republic in specimens of all CITES-listed species and other recommendations (21/11/2023) Notification to the Parties No. 2017/ Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Articles species

Galago (bush baby) Galagidae Localization Africa Threats Population U.I.C.N. : C.I.T.E.S: Trade Canada, United States: France: Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. India: Indonesia: Laos : Malaysia: Philippines : Vietnam : References : Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Kinkajou Potos flavus Localization South and Central America Threats Population U.I.C.N. : C.I.T.E.S: Trade Canada, United States: France : Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. India: Indonesia: Laos : Malaysia: Philippines : Vietnam : References : Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Binturong Arctictis binturong ⒸEmmanuel Baril Localization South-Eastern Asia Threats Urbanization Cultures, Agriculture Planting wood and pulp Logging Hunting for fur and human food Pet trade Traditional medicine Population Decreasing U.I.C.N. : V.U. - Vulnérable C.I.T.E.S : Appendix III (12/04/2001) - sale possible with permit or certificate appropriate to the legislation EU Wildlife Trade Regulations: Appendix C in India (under discussion for Indonesia) - species listed in CITES Appendix III, unless EU Member States have expressed a reservation Trade Canada, United States : In most states in the United States as well as Canada and many Western countries, it is illegal to keep binturongs as pets. States like California have the strictest laws and ban these animals altogether. However, there are also states in which the possession of exotic animals is not regulated at all and others may apply for a permit. As binturongs are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN, their trade and import are prohibited. So, while it's probably legal to own in some states, legal issues can arise in addition to ethical concerns among other domestic issues, with a binturong as a pet. France : Any animal not included in the list of domestic animals set by ministerial decree is a wild animal. The binturong is not on this list. For animals coming from a country other than France, the marking must be carried out within eight days of arrival at the place of detention. However, this provision does not apply to animals whose stay in France does not exceed three months, provided that they are marked in accordance with the provisions of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora known as CITES. For zoological parks, certificate(s) of capacity and opening authorization(s) are required for captivity. Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. India : The Management Authority of India informed the Secretariat that the Government of India has banned the export for commercial purposes of all wild specimens of species listed in CITES Appendices I, II and III, with the exception of certain plant foods. Indonesia : Binturongs are a protected species in Indonesia under the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 1990 Concerning Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems and Government Regulation No. 7 1999 Concerning the Preservation of Flora and Fauna . Ongoing negotiations regarding the establishment of the binturong in Annex C of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. In general, these laws prohibit commercial use of protected species including catching, hunting, injuring, killing, keeping, possessing, transporting or trading whether alive or dead. Commercial trade is however permissible for second generation captive-bred individuals by facilities that have been approved by the government. According to the law and Gomez L. & Shepherd C. (2024), illegal possession of a protected species incurs a penalty of up to five years in prison and a fine of IDR100mil (~ USD6,350). Based on seizure data analysis, most penalties meted out were low i.e., below 1 year imprisonment and fines of less than IDR5mil (~ USD318). Binturongs are also found in the exotic pet trade, especially in East Kalimantan. According to Arifianto I. et al. (2022), the owners of CV Bumi Makmur binturongs are sold domestically (across the country) and internationally (e.g., Italy, Japan, Germany, USA, Ukraine, Russia and others) and a single binturong can reach IDR45 mil (~ USD2800) in the international market. Moreover, it is mainly from Indonesia that the sale of "kopi luwak" ("civet coffee"), generated by the excrement of civets, but also of binturongs on the island of Sumatra, is recorded. Internet : In Gomez and Shepherd's study, there were at least 594 advertisements for binturongs observed during the survey period (1 July 2023 to 1 October 2023). The majority of these were found on Facebook (97.6%), and to a much lesser extent, on TikTok (2.2%) and one on Instagram. Japan : Binturongs are found in specific cafés, where people can feed and touch them. Laos : Suspension of trade in specimens of CITES-listed species with the Lao People's Democratic Republic, in line with the recommendations of the Standing Committee. Recommendation maintained until further notice. Malaysia : Civets (Viverridae), including binturongs, are traded for their meat throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Philippines : The commercial export of wild-caught wildlife specimens is prohibited. Only specimens bred in captivity by breeders licensed and registered by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) can be exported. Vietnam : In Vietnam, there are some recent reports of this species being kept as pets or as show animals in hotels, and the species is also traded for wild meat and traditional medicine markets, for which a wide range of animal species are hunted. Read the article Did you find a binturong for sale ? France 57 rue Cuvier MNHN CP31 75005 Paris, France Philippines 88 Paduga Road, Barangay santa Monica Puerto Princesa City 5300 Palawan, Philippines Country Selling on the internet Thank you for you message Send ABConservation : contact@abconservation.org Website : ABConservation - The NGO dedicated to the Binturong OURANOS Project : ouranosproject2023@gmail.com ABConservation OURANOS Project References : Arctictis binturong (Binturong) (iucnredlist.org) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES No. 2018/031 CONCERNING: INDIA Geneva, 26 March 2018 Ban on trade in wild fauna and flora, except certain specimens of Dalbergia latifolia and Dalbergia sissoo (E-Notif-2018-031.pdf (cites.org) ) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES No. 2010/038 CONCERNING: 1. 2. This Notification is being distributed at the request of the Philippines. Geneva, 29 November 2010 PHILIPPINES Prohibition of trade in CITES specimens (E038.pdf (cites.org) ) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES No. 2016/011 CONCERNING: Geneva, 11 February 2016 LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES No. 2015/013 CONCERNING: LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Recommendation to suspend trade Geneva, 19 March 2015 (E-Notif-2015-013_0.pdf (cites.org) ) COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/966 of 15 May 2023 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 to reflect the amendments adopted at the 19th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023R0966 ) 90TH MEETING OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW GROUP ON TRADE IN WILD FAUNA AND FLORA1 10 JUNE 2020 ONLINE MEETING SHORT SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS (90_summary_SRG.pdf (europa.eu) ) Arrêté du 11 août 2006 fixant la liste des espèces, races ou variétés d'animaux domestiques - Légifrance (legifrance.gouv.fr) ) Arrêté du 8 octobre 2018 fixant les règles générales de détention d'animaux d'espèces non domestiques - Légifrance (legifrance.gouv.fr) Les Annexes I, II et III de la CITES | CITES Commerce d’espèces sauvages (europa.eu) Lalita Gomez & Chris R. Shepherd, "The illegal trade of binturongs in Indonesia (arctictis binturong)", Discover Animals , Volume 1, article number 27 Can You Own A Pet Binturong? Everything You Should Know! (koalapets.com) Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Fennec fox Vulpes zerda Localization Africa Threats Population U.I.C.N. : C.I.T.E.S: Trade Canada, United States: France: Article L413-10 Version in force since 02 December 2021 Created by LAW No. 2021-1539 of 30 November 2021 - art. 46 - Code de l'environnement Ban on Acquiring and Breeding Non-Domestic Animals: It is prohibited to buy, sell, or breed non-domestic species for use in traveling shows. This ban takes effect two years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2023). Prohibition on Keeping and Transporting Non-Domestic Animals: Traveling shows cannot keep, transport, or use non-domestic animals for performances starting seven years after the law’s enactment (November 30, 2028). Animal Welfare Provisions: Owners of affected animals will be provided with alternative accommodations ensuring the animals’ well-being. Exceptions: The Minister for Nature Protection can grant exceptions if suitable accommodations for the animals are unavailable. Certificates and Permits: New permits for keeping or showcasing non-domestic animals in traveling shows will no longer be issued, and existing permits will be revoked when animals leave. Animal Registration: Traveling establishments must register their animals in a national database within six months of the law’s promulgation. This law seeks to protect wildlife and promote humane treatment by phasing out the use of non-domestic animals in traveling shows. India: Indonesia: Laos : Malaysia: Philippines : Vietnam : References : Section 3: Provisions relating to animals of non-domestic species kept in captivity for entertainment purposes (Articles L413-9 to L413-14) - Légifrance

Sturgeons Acipenseriformes Localisation Northern Atlantic, Northern America, Eurasia Threats Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources (for Humans and animals) Dams & water management/use Problematic native species/diseases Domestic & urban waste water Industrial & military effluents Agricultural & forestry effluents Recreational activities Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases Mining & quarrying Shipping lanes Housing & urban areas Commercial & industrial areas Marine & freshwater aquaculture Garbage & solid waste Excess energy Housing & urban areas Commercial & industrial areas Annual & perennial non-timber crops Livestock farming & ranching Logging & wood harvesting Renewable energy Droughts Human and veterinary medicine Manufacturing chemicals trade Wearing apparel and accessories Sport hunting and specimen collecting Population General : Decreasing I.U.C.N. : Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum ) : VU - Vulnerable Yangtze Sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus ) : E.W. - Extinct in the Wild Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens ) : EN - Endangered Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris ) : EN - Endangered Sakhalin Sturgeon (Acipenser mikadoi ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Adriatic sturgon (Acipenser naccarii ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus ) : VU - Vulnerable Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : EN - Endangered Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Sevruga - Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : C .R. - Critically endangered European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio ) : C .R. - Critically endangered White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus ) : VU - Vulnerable Kaluga ( Huso dauricus ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Sturgeon Chub (Macrhybopsis gelida ) : L.C. - Least Concern Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus gladius ) : EX - Extinct (2019) Small Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus ) : C .R. - Critically endangered Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus ) : VU - Vulnerable Alabama Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi ) : C .R. - Critically endangered C.I.T.E.S : Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum ) : Appendix I (01/07/1975) Yangtze Sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Sakhalin Sturgeon (Acipenser mikadoi ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Adriatic sturgeon ( Acipenser naccarii ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio ) : Appendix I (29/07/1983) White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Kaluga ( Huso dauricus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Sturgeon Chub (Macrhybopsis gelida ) : Not Indexed Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus gladius ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Small Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) Alabama Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi ) : Appendix II (01/04/1998) EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum ) : Annex A (20/05/2023) Yangtze Sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Sakhalin Sturgeon (Acipenser mikadoi ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Adriatic sturgeon ( Acipenser naccarii ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio ) : Annex A (20/05/2023) White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Kaluga ( Huso dauricus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus gladius ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Sturgeon Chub (Macrhybopsis gelida ) : Not Indexed Small Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Alabama Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi ) : Annex B (20/05/2023) Trade International : CITES : cf. previously Bonn Convention (1979) : Protects migratory species, including the sturgeon, under Annexes I and II. Berne Convention (1979) : Ensures conservation of wildlife in Europe, listing the sturgeon under Annex II. OSPAR Convention (1992) : Focuses on the marine environment of the Northeast Atlantic, identifying sturgeon as a species in decline. Afghanistan : CITES (17/05/2013) All exports are suspended. Azerbaijan : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar, meat and products [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar, meat and products [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar, meat and products [Caspian sa] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar, meat and products [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 EU decision : Negative ; W - Wild (13/12/2010) Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar, meat and products [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar, meat and products [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : Negative ; W - Wild (03/12/2010) Bulgaria : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Canada : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Saint John River/Bay of Fundy] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 China (PRC) : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Kaluga ( Huso dauricus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Amur/Heilongjiang River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Amur/Heilongjiang River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) European Union : Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC, 1992) : Annex II: Requires the designation of special conservation zones for sturgeon. Annex IV: Mandates strict protection of species against disturbances and habitat damage. Six French sites, including the Garonne and Dordogne rivers, are Natura 2000 sites designated for sturgeon conservation. Council Regulation (EC) No. 338/97: Controls the trade of wildlife species, listing sturgeon under Annex A, prohibiting international trade except for scientific purposes. France : Article L436-9 of the Environmental Code (31/12/2006) The administrative authority responsible for freshwater fisheries may authorise the capture, transport or sale of fish at any time, for health, scientific and ecological purposes, in particular to enable them to be rescued, counted, reproduced, to promote restocking and to remedy biological imbalances: under national legislation, its transport and release only require a "fishing" permit under - Article L436-9 of the Environmental Code, instructed by the DDT in charge of freshwater fishing. Article L.432-1 of the Environmental Code Prohibits activities that threaten spawning grounds and aquatic species. Arrêté of December 20, 2004 Bans the fishing, selling, and habitat destruction of sturgeon nationwide. Arrêté of April 14, 1981 Targeted specific areas like the Gironde estuary. Article L.321-8 of the Environmental Code: Limits material extraction to prevent the destruction of critical aquatic habitats. Decree No. 2008-283 of March 25, 2008 Protects spawning and feeding areas for sturgeon and other aquatic species. Arrêté of September 22, 1994 Prohibits quarrying in riverbeds to maintain ecosystem integrity. Arrêté of April 1, 2008 Sets technical standards for freshwater aquaculture to prevent environmental harm. Local Orders for Habitat Protection: Prefectural Decree of November 7, 1985: Protects sturgeon spawning areas in the Lot-et-Garonne section of the Garonne River. Prefectural Decree of April 17, 1990 Safeguards spawning zones in the Gironde section of the Garonne. Additional decrees from 2013 to 2014 inventory key spawning and feeding zones for enforcement under Article L.432-3 of the Environmental Code. Given the conservation measures for sturgeon, exports of caviar from wild animals have been banned since 2011. Iran : Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : Negative ; W - Wild (03/12/2010) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/03/2016) Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : Discussed at SRG; W - C - Captive-bred animals (19/09/2023) Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 EU decision : Negative ; W - Wild (03/12/2010) Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : Negative ; W - Wild (03 /12 /2010) Kazakhstan : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/03/2016) Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 EU decision : Positive (15/05/2002) Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 EU decision : Negative ; W - Wild (14/09/2010) Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : Negative ; W - Wild (14 /09 /2010) Romania : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russia : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Kaluga ( Huso dauricus ) Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Amur/Heilongjiang River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/03/2016) Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 EU decision : Negative ; W - Wild (14 /09 /2010 ) Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Amur/Heilongjiang River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : Negative ; W - Wild (14 /09 /2010) Serbia : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Ship Sturgeon (Acipens er nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Turkmenistan : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (07/11/2016) Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Ship Sturgeon (Acipens er nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Caspian sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Ukraine : Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Ship Sturgeon (Acipens er nudiventris ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Russian/Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [North West Black Sea and Lower Danube River] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Azov sea] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 United States : NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES No. 2014/036 (11/08/2014) The United States wishes to inform CITES Parties that the following species of sturgeon were listed as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act : Acipenser naccarii (Adriatic sturgeon) Acipenser sturio (European sturgeon) in western Europe Acipenser sinensis (Chinese sturgeon) in the Yangtze River basin Acipenser mikadoi (Sakhalin sturgeon) Huso dauricus (Kaluga sturgeon) in the Amur River Basin/Sea of Japan/Sea of Okhotsk region. The new listing makes it illegal to import into or export from the United States any of these sturgeon species, including live or dead specimens, parts or products. It also provides for various domestic prohibitions. Resolution of the Conference of the Parties Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus ) : Quota : 0 (2024) Caviar and meat [Saint John River/Bay of Fundy] - Quota year runs from 1st March 2024 through 28 February 2025 Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus ) : EU decision : Positive ; W - Wild (22 /06 /2011 ) Uzbekistan : Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni ) : UE decision : SRG Referral ; W - Wild (12/09/2013) Caviar : legal and illegal trade Caviar, a luxury product derived from the roe of sturgeons and paddlefish, is strictly regulated under international law to prevent illegal trade and protect endangered species. These regulations are enforced through the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) labelling system. CITES Labelling Requirements : Applicability: The labelling requirements apply exclusively to sturgeon and paddlefish caviar. "Caviar substitutes" or roe from non-CITES-listed fish are not regulated under CITES. Labelling System: Every container of caviar—whether from wild-caught or farmed sources—must have a non-reusable label. The label must either seal the container or be affixed in a way that shows evidence of tampering. Information on Labels: Labels must include detailed information to ensure traceability: Species Code: A three-letter identifier for the sturgeon species (e.g., BAE for Acipenser baerii). Source Code: Indicates whether the caviar is wild-caught or farmed. Country of Origin Code: ISO two-letter code for the country of origin. Year of Harvest/Repackaging: The year when the sturgeon was harvested or the caviar was repackaged. Processing/Repackaging Plant Code: A unique code for the plant, following national registration systems. Lot Number or CITES Export/Re-Export Certificate Number: Tracks the caviar batch and ensures compliance with trade permits. Licensing and Oversight: All caviar processors, exporters, and repackagers must be licensed by their national CITES management authority. Processing and repackaging plants must adhere to national and international standards. Legislative Protections in Practice : Consumer Role: Labels enable consumers to distinguish legal caviar from illegal products, helping combat wildlife trafficking. EU Compliance: Since May 2006, the European Union has made the CITES labelling system mandatory for both domestic and international caviar trade. Farmed Caviar Concerns: Aquaculture is a rapidly growing sector, especially in countries like Bulgaria and Romania. While farming can support local economies and conserve wild sturgeons, it may also be exploited to launder illegally sourced caviar. Impact on Illegal Trade : The standardized CITES labelling system is a critical tool for law enforcement to trace the origin of caviar, prevent the laundering of illegal products, and safeguard endangered sturgeon species. By requiring transparent labelling and licensing, the trade regulations aim to protect wild sturgeon populations while supporting sustainable aquaculture practices. This system serves as a model for combating illegal wildlife trade by ensuring that consumers and authorities can trace caviar back to its legitimate source. The Danube River is the last European stronghold for functional populations of sturgeon, including beluga, Russian, stellate, and sterlet sturgeons. However, illegal fishing and trade, coupled with habitat destruction, have pushed these species toward extinction. Despite strict regulations, illegal sturgeon trade thrives, endangering these ancient fish. Illegal Trade and Violations (Ludwig et al ., 2023) Wild-Caught Sturgeon Products: A market survey across Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine revealed 21% of sturgeon products (meat and caviar) came from wild-caught sturgeons, despite fishing bans in the Danube and Black Sea. DNA and isotope analysis confirmed these findings, with sterlet being the most common species detected. CITES and EU Labeling Violations: 29% of caviar samples violated international and EU wildlife trade regulations. Issues included: Missing or incorrect CITES labels. Mislabeled products, such as falsely claiming wild origin or misidentifying species. Poor compliance with packaging requirements, where labels did not properly seal containers. Some products declared as sturgeon were revealed to be substitutes, including European catfish and Nile perch. Consumer Deception: Products from aquaculture were falsely marketed as wild-caught, indicating high demand for wild sturgeon. A sample from Ukraine, declared as sterlet caviar, was synthetic, containing DNA from hybrid species commonly farmed in China. Conservation and Enforcement Issues Poaching Threatens Populations: Wild-caught sturgeon products highlight the severe impact of poaching, which undermines conservation efforts and threatens the survival of Danube sturgeons. The lack of spawning partners, caused by dams and habitat loss, increases hybridization, further endangering populations. Weak Enforcement: Insufficient controls and enforcement allow the illegal trade to flourish. Issues include limited resources, low political priority, inadequate laboratory technology, and corruption. Selective Fishing: While the study found no evidence of sex-selective fishing among analyzed meat samples, scientific monitoring in Romania indicated a concerning bias toward males, possibly signaling underreporting of female catches. References : pna-esturgeon-2020-2029-complet-high-quality-v101120.pdf Article L436-9 - Code de l'environnement - Légifrance Microsoft Word - E-Notif-2014-036.docx Publications Office 77_summary_srg.pdf DRAFT - SHORT SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS OF THE 54TH MEETING OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW GROUP ON TRADE IN WILD FAUNA AND FLORA1 3 DECEMBER 2010 DRAFT - SHORT SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS OF THE 53RD MEETING OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW GROUP ON TRADE IN WILD FAUNA AND FLORA1 14 SEPTEMBER 2010 CITES Microsoft Word - SRG 98 short SOC_v3 final rev 30.01.24 23rd summary Huso dauricus (Kaluga) Huso huso (Beluga) Acipenser persicus (Persian Sturgeon) Acipenser naccarii (Adriatic Sturgeon) Acipenser sturio (European Sturgeon) Acipenser oxyrinchus (Atlantic Sturgeon) Acipenser fulvescens (Lake Sturgeon) Acipenser medirostris (Green Sturgeon) Acipenser brevirostrum (Shortnose Sturgeon) Psephurus gladius (Chinese Paddlefish) Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni (Small Amu-Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon) Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni (Amu Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon) Acipenser baerii (Siberian Sturgeon) Acipenser nudiventris (Ship Sturgeon) Acipenser dabryanus (Yangtze Sturgeon) Acipenser sinensis (Chinese Sturgeon) Acipenser stellatus (Stellate Sturgeon) Scaphirhynchus suttkusi (Alabama Sturgeon) Scaphirhynchus albus (Pallid Sturgeon) Macrhybopsis gelida (Sturgeon Chub) Acipenser schrenckii (Amur Sturgeon) Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Shovelnose Sturgeon) Acipenser transmontanus (White Sturgeon) Acipenser ruthenus (Sterlet) Acipenser mikadoi (Sakhalin Sturgeon) Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Russian Sturgeon) Huso dauricus : Species+ Huso huso : Species+ Acipenser persicus : Species+ Acipenser naccarii : Species+ Acipenser sturio : Species+ Acipenser oxyrinchus : Species+ Acipenser fulvescens : Species+ Acipenser medirostris : Species+ Acipenser brevirostrum : Species+ Psephurus gladius : Species+ Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni : Species+ Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni : Species+ Siberian strugeon : Species+ Acipenser nudiventris : Species+ Acipenser dabryanus : Species+ Acipenser sinensis : Species+ Acipenser stellatus : Species+ Scaphirhynchus suttkusi : Species+ Scaphirhynchus albus : Species+ Acipenser schrenckii : Species+ Scaphirhynchus platorynchus : Species+ Acipenser transmontanus : Species+ Acipenser ruthenus : Species+ Acipenser mikadoi : Species+ Acipenser gueldenstaedtii : Species+ 01_Sturgeons_ENG_05_HiRes Caviar: read the labels! | Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry and Ministry of Budget and Public Accounts universal_labelling_requirements_caviar.pdf Ludwig et al., 2023 - Poaching and illegal trade of Danube sturgeons: Current Biology