Localisation

• Caribbean

• Amazonia

• Eastern American coasts

• Western African coasts​

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Threats

• Commercial and industrial areas

• Shipping lanes

• Fishing and harvesting aquatic resources

• Tourism and recreational activities

• Dams and water management/use

• Domestic and urban waste water

• Agricultural and forestry effluents

• Habitat shifting and alteration

• Temperature extremes

• Storms and flooding​​

• Housing and urban areas

• Commercial and industrial areas

• Annual and perennial non-timber crops

• Marine and freshwater aquaculture

• Oil and gas drilling

• Utility and service lines

• Logging and wood harvesting

• War, civil unrest and military exercises

• Work and other activities

• Industrial and military effluents

• Garbage and solid waste

• Excess energy

• Habitat shifting and alteration

• Droughts

• Livestock farming and ranching

• Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

• Stress

• Traditional medicine

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Population

Decreasing

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U.I.C.N. :

Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) : V.U. - Vulnerable

Trichechus pygmaeus : possible subspecies of Trichechus inunguis : without I.U.C.N. status

West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) : V.U. - Vulnerable

• Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) : E.N. - Endangered

• Greater Caribbean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) : E.N. - Endangered

African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) : V.U. - Vulnerable​​

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C.I.T.E.S :

Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) : Appendix I (01/07/1975)

West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) : Appendix I (01/07/1975)

African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) : Appendix I (12/06/2023)

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EU Wildlife Trade Regulations : Annex A (20/05/2023)

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African Convention of Nature and Natural Resources : Class A (16/06/1969)

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Trade

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African Union :

AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (Date of Adoption: 15/09/1968, Date of last signature: 24/01/2013, Date entry into force: 16/06/1969)

Trichechus senegalensis - West African manatee : Class A

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AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (Maputo, Mozambique - 11/07/2003, Entered into force on 23/07/2016)

Article XI. TRADE IN SPECIMENS AND PRODUCTS THEREOF

The Parties shall:

• a) regulate the domestic trade in, as well as the transport and possession of specimens and products to ensure that such specimens and products have been taken or obtained in conformity with domestic law and international obligations related to trade in species

• b) in the measures referred to under a) above, provide for appropriate penal sanctions, including confiscation measures.

• The Parties shall, where appropriate, cooperate through bilateral or sub-regional agreements with a view to reducing and ultimately eliminating illegal trade in wild fauna and flora or their specimens or products

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European Union :

REGULATIONS COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/966 of 15 May 2023 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 to reflect the amendments adopted at the 19th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora : Annex A.

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Grenada :

NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES - No. 2016/022 (16/03/2016)

Recommendation to suspend trade for non-submission of annual reports. Suspension of the trade of all CITES-listed species.

 

Guinea :​

APPLICATION OF ARTICLE XIII IN GUINEA - No. 2023/128 (23/11/2023) ​

​Recommendation to maintain the suspension of trade for commercial purposes with Guinea in specimens of all CITES-listed species and other recommendations​​

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Liberia :​

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES - No. 2018/012 (22/01/2018)​​

Maintenance of a recommendation to suspend trade of all CITES-listed species.

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Panama :

NOTIFICATION TO THE PARTIES - No. 2023/057 (05/05/2023)

Suspension of the issuance of export permits for wild-harvested specimens. The issuance of export permits for all wildlife specimens harvested from the wild for commercial purposes has been suspended.​​​

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United States :​

Marine Mammal Protection Act (10/1972) and the Endangered Species Act (1973) :

Federal laws, penalties for breaking these federal laws could include a year in prison and a fine up to $20,000. These laws prohibit hunting, capturing, killing, or harassing these animals.

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The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 As Amended as amended through 2018 (Revised 03/2019)​ :

• 16 U.S.C. 1375a Sec. : Hereafter, all fines collected by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for violations of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 1362-1407) and implementing regulations shall be available to the Secretary, without further appropriation, to be used for the expenses of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in administering activities for the protection and recovery of manatees, polar bears, sea otters, and walruses, and shall remain available until expended.

• the export and subsequent import are consistent with the provisions of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and other international agreements and conventions; and the export and subsequent import are not likely to contribute to illegal trade in bear parts.

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ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 As Amended through the 108th Congress - Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 20240 (1973) :

• if an endangered species or threatened species of a marine mammal is involved, the taking is authorized pursuant to section 101(a)(5) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972

• The term “scrimshaw product” means any art form which involves the substantial etching or engraving of designs upon, or the substantial carving of figures, patterns, or designs from, any bone or tooth of any marine mammal of the order Cetacea. For purposes of this subsection, polishing or the adding of minor superficial markings does not constitute substantial etching, engraving, or carving.

• MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT OF 1972 SEC. 17. Except as otherwise provided in this Act, no provision of this Act shall take precedence over any more restrictive conflicting provision of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.

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Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act (1978) :

State legislation that allows the establishment of manatee sanctuaries in Florida.​